Photo. http://www.venuspest.com/Portals/96/PestID/rats.gif
http://www.venuspest.com/PestID/PestIDbyName
Aucun message portant le libellé LOFT. Afficher tous les messages
Aucun message portant le libellé LOFT. Afficher tous les messages
mardi 5 octobre 2010
4636. LOFT. UN MOMENT DE TENDRESSE.
Photo. http://www.venuspest.com/Portals/96/PestID/rats.gif
http://www.venuspest.com/PestID/PestIDbyName
vendredi 13 août 2010
4295. LOFT. INDIA A ÉTÉ EXPULSÉE DU LOFT APRÈS AVOIR PARLÉ POLITIQUE. HEUREUSEMENT, ELLE A ÉTÉ RECUEILLIE PAR LE BON DOCTEUR. NOUS NOUS SOUVIENDRONS.
Photo. http://img.metro.co.uk/i/pix/2010/05/09/article-1273435692193-06D9DC4A000005DC-391192_304x286.jpg
ANIMAL RIGHTS ACTIVISTS ANGRY AT RESEARCH INTO MOUSE PAIN REACTION
Joel Taylor -
10th May, 2010
http://www.metro.co.uk/news/825272-animal-rights-activists-angry-at-research-into-mouse-pain-reaction
Animal rights campaigners have reacted with anger to new research which studies the reactions of mice when inflicted with pain.
They were shocked by the study, which aimed to show that mice ‘grimace’ when in pain, just like us.
Researchers injected each mouse in either the stomach or paws, with chemicals including acetic acid, mustard oil and capsaicin – the hot ingredient in chillies – and some were mutilated surgically.
Mice exhibit pain in a scale of five distinct ‘pain faces’ – dubbed ‘the mouse grimace scale’, – the Canadian and Dutch scientists found at McGill University in Montreal.
‘These mice were subjected to atrociously painful situations without any pain relief,’
said Dr Ned Buyukmihci, of the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection.
‘This study was not intended to improve the welfare of mice, rather just to find a new way of determining if a mouse is in pain. This institutionalises experiments where pain is caused in mice.’
The scale is listed as: eye squeeze, nose bulge, bulging cheeks, ears drawn back and whiskers standing on end.
Researchers insist it will have benefits for veterinary medicine.
‘The ability to accurately detect pain using facial expression might offer a unique and powerful scientific tool,’ wrote Dr Jeffrey Mogil.
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British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection. BUAV
http://www.buav.org/
jeudi 8 juillet 2010
4085. LOFT. DRAME DANS LE LOFT. TOUS LES SENS SONT EN ALERTE. IL Y A DE L'ORAGE DANS L'AIR. LA TENSION EST PALPABLE.
ON A DÉCOUVERT QUE LES PRODUCTEURS DE L'ÉMISSION FAISAIT DES PARIS CLANDESTINS SUR LES LOFTEURS. LE PARIS DE LA MORT. CHACUN BASÉ SUR LE NOMBRE TOTAL DE JOUR D'EXISTENCE D'UN PARTICIPANT OU SUR LA DATE DE SA MORT. IL Y A DES POINTS DE PLUS SI ON L'HEURES EXACTE. ON A VU APPARAÎTRE DES ACCESSOIRES DÉCORATIFS NOUVEAUX ET CHASTETÉ, PARTICIPANTE DU VILLAGE HISTORIQUE DE CAP-CHAT, A DISPARU.
*
*
4084. LOFT. APRÈS UNE PETITE CHICANE DANS LE LOFT, IL EST BON QUE LES LOFTEURS ET LOFTEUSES SE COLLENT ENSEMBLE POUR PARTAGER DE LA CHALEUR HUMAINE.
IL Y A EU UNE PETITE CHICANE DANS LE LOFT, ENTRE LISA ET CHANEL. BIEN VITE, LE DÉBAT S'EST ENFLAMMÉ. DEVAIT-ELLE OU NON SE FAIRE TEINDRE EN BLONDE. CHACUN CHOISIT SON CAMP. UN DRAME COUVAIT. HEUREUSEMENT, LE RESPONSABLE DE LA PASTORALE ET LE DIRECTEUR DES LOISIRS INTERVINRENT. IL EST BON QUE LES LOFTEURS ET LOFTEUSES SE COLLENT ENSEMBLE POUR PARTAGER DE LA CHALEUR HUMAINE. CAR TOUT LE MONDE EST UNI DANS LE LOFT. ET ÇA FAIT DE BELLES IMAGES POUR LA TV.
Photo.
http://img10.hostingpics.net/pics/584003souris_blanche_contre_gerbille_IMG147044.jpg
REPTIL' SUD - EST
http://reptil-sud-est.forumactif.net/fiches-d-elevage-f15/la-souris-t63.htm
ORIGINE
La souris commune dite domestique n’a pas d’origine précise.
Elle est présente depuis des millénaires à l’état sauvage sur l’ de la planète (ou presque) au grand dam des agriculteurs soucieux de la bonne conservation de leurs grains !
MORPHOLOGIE
Il existe une quarantaine d'espèces de souris.
Le poids d’une souris adulte est de 20 à 50 g.
Les couleurs des souris sont très variées : du blanc au noir en passant par le brun.
L’espérance de vie d’une souris dépasse rarement 2 ans.
COMPORTEMENT
La souris est très curieuse de nature et il est intéressant de la voir trouver de nouveaux chemins pour parvenir à obtenir ce qu'elle veut.
C’est aussi un petit animal qui déborde littéralement d'énergie.
Elle est toujours occupée à quelque chose !
Pour lui permettre de s'épuiser et ainsi vous accordez la paix la nuit, il est utile de mettre à sa disposition une roue d’exercice.
Peureuse, elle demande un petit temps d’adaptation lors de son arrivée à la maison.
Puis elle se dévergondera vite surtout si vous lui permettez des balades en dehors de sa cage.
DÉBUT D'UN ELEVAGE
Début d’un élevage n'est pas une tache à prendre à la légère car c'est dans cette première étape que vous devrez choisir vos souris, objets, cage etc...
(...)
ALIMENTATION
La souris est un rongeur omnivore.
Les mélanges adaptés à ses besoins en vente dans le commerce suffisent parfaitement à son équilibre.
Ils sont composés principalement de graines.
Elle se régale aussi de pain dur, de petits morceaux de viande, de légumes en petite quantité.
Pour qu’elle puisse user ses dents, il est recommandé de lui mettre à disposition des blocs de luzerne et des bâtonnets à mâcher spécialement conçus pour les rongeurs, ainsi qu’un bloc minéral qui apportera au rongeur tous les sels minéraux dont il a besoin.
REPRODUCTION
La souris arrive à maturité sexuelle à 5 à 6 semaines.
Elle peut enchaîner les portées (jusqu’à 15 par an) puisqu’elle est fécondable tout au long de l’année.
La gestation dure 23 jours.
Chaque portée compte de 5 à 12 petits.
Les souriceaux tètent leur mère pendant environ 15 jours.
PREPARATION
Lorsque vous décidez de mettre enceinte votre souris, vous vous devez d'être pret a faire quelque finances :
Lorsque vous remarquez que votre souris (futur mére) a grossis (Preuve qu’elle est enceinte) déposez la dans un bac (De preference, ne pas mettre le male dans le bac aussi) avec tout ces objets.
Voici ci-dessous la liste des finances a faire (mentionné plus haut).
-Un Bac d'environs 30 cm et plus (hauteur) par 50cm(largeur) en plastique (un aquarium fait trés bien l’affaire aussi).
Mais pourquoi un bac ? : Car aprés l'accouchement les bébés souris, sont tellement petits qu'ils peuvent passer é travers les barreaux de n'importe quel cage.
Le bac doit etre assez creux car lorsque le souriceau ce développe, les muscle de leurs pattes ce développe en premier et leurs pattes peuvent soulevez 4a5 fois leurs poids.
Ce qui fait que les souriceaux saute trés haut.
-La litiére : la litiére doit étre tamis (idéalement) et sans poussiére (informez-vous lors de l’achat). Mais pourquoi la ripe doit étre tamisé ? : C’est pour évitez que les bébés aprés la naissance aient de la misére a respirer et enlevez le risque que les souriceaux développe un probléme respiratoire.
[De cette façon, vous aurez une nourriture régulière et de bonne qualité pour vos serpents qui ne se nourrissent que de souris vivantes en les avanlant tout rond. Quelqu'un a déjà dit que la vérité rendait libre!]
-Un Abreuvoir ou un bol d’eau. L’eau doit être changé tout les jours pour quel reste fraiche.
-Un bol de nourriture.
-Une Roue d’exercice, afin que votre futur maman souris reste en forme et elle sera utile pour les bébés.
-Une maison avec une grande ouverture pour que votre futur maman souris puissent dormir dans un confort adéquat.
-Beaucoup de mouchoir, (mettez-les prés de la maison) la futur maman souris les disposeras a sa guise. Mais un petit conseil : arrangez-vous pour disposez les mouchoirs hors de la maison comme ça lorsque votre souris accoucheras, les bébés seront moins entassés au même endroit.
[Et avec cette méthode éprouvée, vos serpent pourront avoir une nourriture saine et équilibrée, régulièrement, tout au long de l'année. Ils faut se souvenir que les serpents ne mangent que des proies vivantes qu'ils avalent tout rond. Quelqu'un a déjà dit que la vérité rendait libre!]
Photo.
http://img10.hostingpics.net/pics/584003souris_blanche_contre_gerbille_IMG147044.jpg
REPTIL' SUD - EST
http://reptil-sud-est.forumactif.net/fiches-d-elevage-f15/la-souris-t63.htm
ORIGINE
La souris commune dite domestique n’a pas d’origine précise.
Elle est présente depuis des millénaires à l’état sauvage sur l’ de la planète (ou presque) au grand dam des agriculteurs soucieux de la bonne conservation de leurs grains !
MORPHOLOGIE
Il existe une quarantaine d'espèces de souris.
Le poids d’une souris adulte est de 20 à 50 g.
Les couleurs des souris sont très variées : du blanc au noir en passant par le brun.
L’espérance de vie d’une souris dépasse rarement 2 ans.
COMPORTEMENT
La souris est très curieuse de nature et il est intéressant de la voir trouver de nouveaux chemins pour parvenir à obtenir ce qu'elle veut.
C’est aussi un petit animal qui déborde littéralement d'énergie.
Elle est toujours occupée à quelque chose !
Pour lui permettre de s'épuiser et ainsi vous accordez la paix la nuit, il est utile de mettre à sa disposition une roue d’exercice.
Peureuse, elle demande un petit temps d’adaptation lors de son arrivée à la maison.
Puis elle se dévergondera vite surtout si vous lui permettez des balades en dehors de sa cage.
DÉBUT D'UN ELEVAGE
Début d’un élevage n'est pas une tache à prendre à la légère car c'est dans cette première étape que vous devrez choisir vos souris, objets, cage etc...
(...)
ALIMENTATION
La souris est un rongeur omnivore.
Les mélanges adaptés à ses besoins en vente dans le commerce suffisent parfaitement à son équilibre.
Ils sont composés principalement de graines.
Elle se régale aussi de pain dur, de petits morceaux de viande, de légumes en petite quantité.
Pour qu’elle puisse user ses dents, il est recommandé de lui mettre à disposition des blocs de luzerne et des bâtonnets à mâcher spécialement conçus pour les rongeurs, ainsi qu’un bloc minéral qui apportera au rongeur tous les sels minéraux dont il a besoin.
REPRODUCTION
La souris arrive à maturité sexuelle à 5 à 6 semaines.
Elle peut enchaîner les portées (jusqu’à 15 par an) puisqu’elle est fécondable tout au long de l’année.
La gestation dure 23 jours.
Chaque portée compte de 5 à 12 petits.
Les souriceaux tètent leur mère pendant environ 15 jours.
PREPARATION
Lorsque vous décidez de mettre enceinte votre souris, vous vous devez d'être pret a faire quelque finances :
Lorsque vous remarquez que votre souris (futur mére) a grossis (Preuve qu’elle est enceinte) déposez la dans un bac (De preference, ne pas mettre le male dans le bac aussi) avec tout ces objets.
Voici ci-dessous la liste des finances a faire (mentionné plus haut).
-Un Bac d'environs 30 cm et plus (hauteur) par 50cm(largeur) en plastique (un aquarium fait trés bien l’affaire aussi).
Mais pourquoi un bac ? : Car aprés l'accouchement les bébés souris, sont tellement petits qu'ils peuvent passer é travers les barreaux de n'importe quel cage.
Le bac doit etre assez creux car lorsque le souriceau ce développe, les muscle de leurs pattes ce développe en premier et leurs pattes peuvent soulevez 4a5 fois leurs poids.
Ce qui fait que les souriceaux saute trés haut.
-La litiére : la litiére doit étre tamis (idéalement) et sans poussiére (informez-vous lors de l’achat). Mais pourquoi la ripe doit étre tamisé ? : C’est pour évitez que les bébés aprés la naissance aient de la misére a respirer et enlevez le risque que les souriceaux développe un probléme respiratoire.
[De cette façon, vous aurez une nourriture régulière et de bonne qualité pour vos serpents qui ne se nourrissent que de souris vivantes en les avanlant tout rond. Quelqu'un a déjà dit que la vérité rendait libre!]
-Un Abreuvoir ou un bol d’eau. L’eau doit être changé tout les jours pour quel reste fraiche.
-Un bol de nourriture.
-Une Roue d’exercice, afin que votre futur maman souris reste en forme et elle sera utile pour les bébés.
-Une maison avec une grande ouverture pour que votre futur maman souris puissent dormir dans un confort adéquat.
-Beaucoup de mouchoir, (mettez-les prés de la maison) la futur maman souris les disposeras a sa guise. Mais un petit conseil : arrangez-vous pour disposez les mouchoirs hors de la maison comme ça lorsque votre souris accoucheras, les bébés seront moins entassés au même endroit.
[Et avec cette méthode éprouvée, vos serpent pourront avoir une nourriture saine et équilibrée, régulièrement, tout au long de l'année. Ils faut se souvenir que les serpents ne mangent que des proies vivantes qu'ils avalent tout rond. Quelqu'un a déjà dit que la vérité rendait libre!]
mercredi 7 juillet 2010
4079. LOFT. CANICULE TRAGIQUE DANS LE LOFT
DRAME JUDICIAIRE DANS LE LOFT. UN DES PRODUCTEURS A ÉTÉ ARRÊTÉ POUR DÉTOURNEMENT DE MINEURE. UN AUTRE POUR AVOIR UTILISÉ LA SUBVENTION DU MINISTÈRE DES AFFAIRES CULTURELLES POUR S'ACHETER UNE FERRARI. POUR COMPENSER, IL A DÛ NÉGLIGER LA CLIMATISATION. TOUT LE MONDE DANS LE LOFT CRÈVE DE CHALEUR. CE QUI EXACERBE LES ÉMOTIONS. MAIS EST BON POUR LES COTES D'ÉCOUTE. JUSTIN QUI EST DÉLICAT TROUVE QUE LES FEMMES HUMIDES ET MOITES ONT QUELQUE CHOSE DE REPOUSSANT ET QU'IL N'Y A RIEN DE PIRE QU'UNE FEMME QUI TRANSPIRE. ICI, NOUS VOYONS VARSOVIE EN TRAIN D'ÉCRIRE UN COMMENTAIRE SUR TWITTER POUR RÉPLIQUER À JUSTIN.
Photo. http://curiousanimals.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/mouse.jpg
http://curiousanimals.net/pets/keyboard-with-inbuilt-mouse/
Keyboard with Inbuilt Mouse
If you have been searching for a keyboard with inbuilt mouse, you search is finally over.
Photo. http://curiousanimals.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/mouse.jpg
http://curiousanimals.net/pets/keyboard-with-inbuilt-mouse/
Keyboard with Inbuilt Mouse
If you have been searching for a keyboard with inbuilt mouse, you search is finally over.
mardi 6 juillet 2010
4068. LOFT. LINDA A TROP PARLÉ.
Photo. http://www.rotherhampestcontrolco.co.uk/images/gallery/mouse-large.jpgCONTROLLING MICE
Despite their size, mice can cause extensive damage to foodstuffs, furniture, woodwork, upholstery, clothing and paper. Mice are not malicious, but they gnaw on anything and everything, simply to keep their teeth in good condition. They will make holes in the skirting boards and floor boards, especially where pipes enter, as mice often move around in ceiling voids and cavity walls.
The house mouse is inquisitive by nature and will investigate all parts of the area it lives in, gnawing at objects as it goes.
samedi 3 juillet 2010
4044. LOFT. URSULA OUVRE SON COEUR MAIS ELLE A L'HABITUDE DE FAIRE TROP RAPIDEMENT CONFIANCE AUX ÉTRANGERS. NOUS OBSERVERONS À LA TV SI C'EST LE CAS
Photo. http://theprojectsite.org/theprojectsite1/souris.jpgBienvenue à la page "Pédagogie" de Michel Gauthier, enseignant en musique
vendredi 25 juin 2010
4002. LOFT. JUSTIN EST UN GARÇON DÉLICAT ET SE PLAINT QUE LES FILLES BAVENT LORSQU'ELLES EMBRASSENT, ÉTANT D'UNE NATURE POÉTIQUE ET SENSIBLE
JUSTIN EST UN GARÇON DÉLICAT ET SE PLAINT QUE LES FILLES BAVENT LORSQU'ELLES EMBRASSENT. ÉTANT D'UNE NATURE POÉTIQUE ET SENSIBLE, IL TROUVE CE DÉBORDEMENT PHYSIQUE DÉPLACÉ ET RÉPUGNANT
Photo. http://www.virginmedia.com/images/rat430x300.jpg
Photo. http://www.virginmedia.com/images/rat430x300.jpg
4001. LOFT. IL Y A TELLEMENT DE MONDE DANS LE LOFT QU'ON NE SAIT PLUS QUI EST QUI. HEUREUSEMENT, LES ÀMES COSMIQUES SAVENT RECONNAÎTRE LEURS SOEURS
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http://www.televets.com/upload/images/articles/q6f1rj-6-63.gif
PESTS THAT COULD BE LIVING IN YOUR HOME
http://www.virginmedia.com/homefamily/house/pests-in-house.php?ssid=7
DEALING WITH PEST RODENTS
As Winter gets underway, wild mice and rats enter houses more often to escape the cold and rats are also seen in increasing frequency in people's gardens. However, while this can be a matter for concern, there are ways that you can humanely remove these uninvited visitors rather than calling the local exterminator. He will put down anti-coagulant poisons which cause a long slow death and a great deal of suffering to the mice and rats as well as the poison being potentially dangerous to you, your family and your pets.
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INFESTED!PESTS THAT COULD BE LIVING IN YOUR HOME
http://www.virginmedia.com/homefamily/house/pests-in-house.php?ssid=7
What: The common rat and house mouse are the most common pests in homes.
Why are they bad: As well as carrying a multitude of diseases, rodents can cause serious damage by gnawing through cables and wires, causing power outages and even fires.
How: If you suspect you have a mice or rat problem, act quickly. These rodents are prolific breeders and can be difficult to get rid of once they have settled into your home.
What to do: There are many ways to deter rodents, including a variety of traps, poison, humane traps and even plugs that omit a high pitched noise. However, rodents will gather near a food source, so it’s important to ensure there is no access to leftovers or rubbish
Why are they bad: As well as carrying a multitude of diseases, rodents can cause serious damage by gnawing through cables and wires, causing power outages and even fires.
How: If you suspect you have a mice or rat problem, act quickly. These rodents are prolific breeders and can be difficult to get rid of once they have settled into your home.
What to do: There are many ways to deter rodents, including a variety of traps, poison, humane traps and even plugs that omit a high pitched noise. However, rodents will gather near a food source, so it’s important to ensure there is no access to leftovers or rubbish
jeudi 24 juin 2010
3975. LOFT. UNE LOFTEUSE EST ADOPTÉE PAR UNE TÉLESPECTRATRICE VÉGÉTARIENNE
Photo. tianjindaily.com.cnPET RATS POPULAR IN YEAR OF RAT
2008-01-28
http://english.china.com/zh_cn/culture_history/news/11020710/20080128/14642332.html
Rats and mice in the wild can be one of the worst pests for mankind, but pet rats and mice are not the same as their wild counterparts.
With minimal space and care requirements, rats and mice are ideal pets for some people, especially in the Year of Rat.
The website tianjindaily.com.cn reports that as the Spring Festival approaches, many people are rushing to pet shops to purchase pet rats for good luck.
A typical pet mouse can cost up to 35 yuan, nearly 5 US dollars. But with a terrarium, food and accessories, you will have to spend at least 200 yuan, or about 28 US dollars. Some rare species may cost several thousand yuan.
mercredi 23 juin 2010
3955. LOFT. QUAND ARRIVE ENFIN LES JOURNAUX ET LES REVUES: VROUM JOURNAL ET VROUM MAGAZINE, LES LOFTEURS ET LOFTEUSES S'AFFOLENT. ET NINA HYSTÉRIQUE
QUAND ARRIVE ENFIN LES JOURNAUX ET LES REVUES: VROUM JOURNAL ET VROUM MAGAZINE ET VROUM CHANSONS-TV-CINÉ-VEDETTES, LES LOFTEURS ET LOFTEUSES SE RUENT POUR SAVOIR CE QU'ON PENSE D'EUX. PASSER À LA TV C'EST BIEN. QU'ON VOUS AIME À RADIO V.R.O.U.M. AUSSI. MAIS QU'ON ÉCRIVE SUR VOUS C'EST MIEUX. MÊME SI LA MAJORITÉ DES LOFTEURS NE SAIT PAS LIRE MAIS TOUS SAVENT QUE C'EST ÉCRIT ET QUE SI C'EST ÉCRIT C'EST IMPORTANT. ET ENSUITE ON PEUT GRIGNOTER LE PAPIER CE QU'ON NE PEUT PAS FAIRE AVEC LES ONDES RADIO OU LES SIGNAUX TV MÊME HAUTES DÉFINITIONS. ON A MÊME VU LES CHEVEUX SI FIN DE LOLITA ET LEURS REFLETS DORÉS. EN PASSANT, NINA EST TOUJOURS HYSTÉRIQUEM C'EST SON ÉTAT NATUREL.
Photo.
Photo.
dimanche 20 juin 2010
samedi 19 juin 2010
3931. LOFT. GINETTE PENSE. TOUT TOURNE AUTOUR D'ELLE. MAIS POURQUOI LE MONDE TOURNE-T-IL?
GINETTE PENSE ET ELLE MAIGRIT EN MÊME TEMPS. QUE C'EST BEAU LA SCIENCE!
Photo.
http://bellesplumes.blogs.courrierinternational.com/media/01/00/31983d3b3289446cbbbd49454f4abe18.jpg
Belles plumes
Définir le lien entre l'homme et l'animalité: son aspect philosophique, politique et scientifique.
http://bellesplumes.blogs.courrierinternational.com/sciences
Photo.http://bellesplumes.blogs.courrierinternational.com/media/01/00/31983d3b3289446cbbbd49454f4abe18.jpg
Belles plumes
Définir le lien entre l'homme et l'animalité: son aspect philosophique, politique et scientifique.
http://bellesplumes.blogs.courrierinternational.com/sciences
3929, LOFT. HEATER A DONNÉ SON ACCORD POUR PARTICIPER À UN NOUVEAU JEU À TÉLÉ VROUM
Image. http://www.svt.ac-aix-marseille.fr/labosvt/local/cache-vignettes/L330xH380/dissection-souris1-1a90b.jpgMATÉRIEL
Cuvette à dissection
Ciseaux forts
Ciseaux fins
Sonde cannelée
Pinces fortes
Pinces fines
épingles
PRÉPARATION
Placer l’animal dans la cuvette à dissection, face dorsale appliquée directement au fond de la cuvette.
Epingler les quatre membres : placer les épingles en biais, têtes vers l’extérieur.
Pincer la peau au dessus des organes génitaux externes et inciser une boutonnière avec les ciseaux fins.
INCISION DE LA PEAU
Illustration 1 : La première incision pour la dissection de la souris Crédit illustration : I.Derambure - Domaine public
Glisser dans la boutonnière la sonde cannelée de manière à soulever uniquement la peau.
Inciser la peau, avec les ciseaux fins, dans le plan de symétrie, en suivant la sonde cannelée ; arrêter l’incision à la base de la cage thoracique.
Inciser la peau des pattes antérieures et postérieures en vous guidant avec la sonde cannelée.
Rabats de peau et position des incisions de la couche de muscles abdominaux
Crédits illustrations 2 et 3 : © Académie de Toulouse - Tous droits réservés
Epingler les volets de peau.
Inciser la couche de muscles abdominaux (fine et translucide) qui recouvre les viscères.
Epingler les volets de peau et de muscles.
Rabats de la couche de muscles abdominaux
Dérouler et basculer l’intestin sur un côté de l’animal
Identifier les différentes parties de l’appareil digestif, de l’appareil urinaire et de l’appareil reproducteur mâle ou femelle.
Découper latéralement, à l’aide de ciseaux forts, les côtes et les clavicules en partant du diaphragme que l’on respectera pour observer le coeur et les poumons.
vendredi 18 juin 2010
3918. LOFT. ARTHUR, JEFF, GEORGE (ON NE VOIT PLUS GILLES) NE SAVENT PAS LE SORT QUI LES ATTEND
Photo. http://toutptirat.free.fr/rats/Photos/Divers/Illustrations/femelles270702a1.jpgMardi 24 avril est la Journée Mondiale des animaux de Laboratoire.
La communauté antivivisectionniste internationale profite de la reconnaissance officielle de cette Journée par les Nations Unies pour organiser la campagne militante abolitionniste SMAL (WWAIL en anglais) ainsi que, le 24 avril, une minute de silence à 12h (ou au plus près de 12h).
Cette minute de silence est dédiée à la mémoire de tous les animaux tourmentés et sacrifiés dans les laboratoires du monde entier au nom de la science, de la recherche; mais surtout du profit et du carriérisme.
Aussi, merci d’observer et de faire observer à votre entourage et vos connaissances une minute de silence à la mémoire de tous les martyrs de la vivisection, pudiquement appelée expérimentation animale, notamment en réacheminant cet appel à tout votre carnet d’adresses et/ou en envoyant des SMS avec le message suivant : "12h, auj. 1 Minute Silence pr Animaux dans les Labos. Merci."
Dans les laboratoires publics et privés, 24 heures sur 24...
1 animal meurt torturé toutes les 12 secondes en France
1 animal meurt torturé toutes les 3 secondes en Europe
25 animaux (minimum) meurent torturés chaque seconde dans le monde.
Pour la libération immédiate et inconditionnelle de tous les animaux torturés et prisonniers dans les laboratoires,
Le succès de cette opération dépend de chacun d'entre vous pour dénoncer la barbarie dans les labos.
mercredi 16 juin 2010
3903. LOFT. ANNIE AIME LES GESTES D'AFFECTION MAIS ANNIE A TENDANCE À FAIRE TROP CONFIANCE AUX ÉTRANGERS
Photo. http://www.americanheritage.com/assets/images/articles/web/20070712-mouse.jpgMOUSE WORK
By Terri Peterson Smith
http://www.americanheritage.com/events/articles/web/20070712-jackson-laboratory-mouse.shtml
A mouse at work at an in vitro fertilization lab; opposite, a rendering of the Black 6 (C57BL/6) mouse, first to have its genome sequenced.
(AP Photo/Joel Page)
How a small animal made it big in research.
They have shared our homes and our food for Millennia. No doubt the relationship first became close when humans took up farming and stored grain. Since then mice have colonized our warehouses and silos, invaded our basements and garages, and raided our kitchens. The house mouse’s scientific name, Mus musculus, says it all: Mus may be derived from a Sanskrit word meaning “thief.” But mice are cute too. So while we’ve been inventing all sorts of ways to exterminate them, they have been burrowing their way into our imagination and culture, from the “wee, sleekit, cow’rin’, tim’rous beastie” of Robert Burns’s poem “To a Mouse” to Stuart Little and, of course, Mickey.
We have another thing in common: Ninety-nine percent of human genes share a comparable version in the mouse, and many of them appear in the same order in our chromosomes. We also have similar reproductive and nervous systems. That’s why the mouse has served as the principal model for biomedical research for more than a century. Now, with the advent of increasingly sophisticated genetic engineering techniques and ever more powerful computer technology, mice have become stand-ins for humans upon which it seems every imaginable disease or condition is being studied, along with compounds to treat them. Hardly a week goes by without some new findings about heart disease, cancer, obesity, anxiety, or the life-prolonging benefits of red wine, all based on mouse models. The Minneapolis Star Tribune columnist James Lileks wrote: “I have come to suspect that mice are Nature’s Play-Doh; you can probably prove any thesis, given enough mice. They are resilient, up to a point, and unlikely to assemble class-action suits, so you can do all sorts of things to them.”
David Largaespada, an associate professor in the University of Minnesota’s Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, broadens the point: “Without mice in biomedical research, we’d lack a lot of fundamental knowledge about human physiology and the basic cause of human disease. For instance, research using mice helped prove that cancer is really caused by mutant genes.”
Largaespada, who studies the genetic mechanisms of cancer, says: “Other organisms or cultured cell lines can be better models for some purposes. It really depends on the question being asked. That dictates the best model to use. Yeasts, worms, fruit flies, and even computer models all offer excellent insight into the workings of cell biology. Mice are better tools to study the immune, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, skeletal, and other physiological systems of humans and other mammals.” Mice get many of the same diseases that humans do—cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, glaucoma—and they even develop anxiety and aggressive behavior. Moreover, manipulating their genetic material can cause them to develop cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer’s, and other diseases that do not naturally afflict them.
By some estimates, 25 million mice are used in medical research each year. Yet they haven’t always commanded the heights of scientific investigation. Their path to prominence has been a circuitous one, leading from mouse lovers in Victorian England and an interlude with Gregor Mendel to a former Massachusetts schoolteacher, a descendant of Paul Revere, and two captains of the auto industry, with a lot of computing and genetic theory thrown in along the way.
There is an irony to the fact that the people who most loved mice set them up for their role in medical research.
The rise of the mouse in science resulted from the developing bond between humans and animals in the mid-nineteenth century, the emergence of a leisure class, and a growing understanding of genetics and the natural world. In her 1987 book The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age, the MIT professor Harriet Ritvo writes that by the middle of the eighteenth century, with natural history emerging as a “prestigious Enlightenment scientific discipline, it was also quickly becoming a fashionable amateur avocation.” Animals were no longer valued simply for the work they could perform in service to humans: “Sentimental attachment to both individual pets and the lower creation in general—a stock attribute of the Victorians—became widespread in the first half of the nineteenth century.”
Animals became more prominent in children’s literature (as with the tales of Beatrix Potter), and the era gave rise to the anti-vivisection and animal-welfare movements. While the dog became man’s best friend during this period, mice gained their own following. As early as the eighteenth century, the Japanese were collecting and breeding mice much the way we breed roses—for their color and size (though probably not their scent). A century later these prize specimens, known as “fancy mice,” came on the social scene in England. Victorian mouse enthusiasts bred and traded them and founded the National Mouse Club in 1895, the mouse world’s equivalent of the Westminster Kennel Club.
Fancy in nineteenth-century vernacular meant “hobby,” particularly an animal hobby, rather than the look of the mice. Still, they were indeed fancy. Those years of breeding had turned the common field mouse into a creature with a coat of many colors, including black, blue, silver, champagne, red, lilac, and white. Its hair could be short, long, curly; some were bald. The National Mouse Club is still going strong in Britain, and according to its Web site, “There are now approximately 40 standardised varieties with up to 200 possible variations, giving a mouse colour and pattern, or even coat type, that will appeal to everyone!” The fanciers bred their mice for behavior too. For example, they crossed fancy mice with pink-eyed Japanese waltzing mice, so named because this kind of mouse seemed to dance, behavior that scientists later learned was a result of an inner-ear defect.
The enthusiasm continued well into the twentieth century. In 1937 a Reader’s Digest article reported, “Over 1000 people are breeding mice in the British Isles today and scarcely a week passes without a Mouse Show somewhere.” (For some breeders, the interest in mice took a pragmatic turn. The article continues, “Still another factor in making the raising of mice a ‘coming industry’ is the demand for ladies’ coats of mouse skins. About 400 skins go into a full-length coat, which sells for $350.”) That same year Time magazine reported, “Top mouse-supplier for London drawing rooms is Mrs. E. D. Blowers, the ‘Mouse Queen.’… Mouse Queen Blowers would like to make the U.S. mouse-conscious… . In November the U.S. will be introduced to Mouse Queen Blowers and several hundred of her choicest mice at a Manhattan cat show.”
In fact, America had long had its own contingent of mouse lovers, including members of the short-lived American Mouse Fanciers’ Club. Abbie Lathrop, a former schoolteacher, started raising chickens on her farm in Granby, Massachusetts, but when that didn’t pan out, she set her sights on mice. She began with a single pair, and by 1913 she had a supply of more than 10,000 in her barns and outbuildings. Orders poured in for her mice. Along the way, she started getting orders from a different kind of customer, a Harvard University zoologist named William Castle, which would ultimately change the mouse’s fate from fancy to pharmacology.
There is perhaps an irony in the fact that the people who most loved mice were the ones who set them up for their future in medical research. Breeders had systematically selected mice with the most pleasing behavioral qualities. Their mice, for instance, didn’t mind being handled, a trait that made them easy to keep in the lab. The National Mouse Club describes the animal as “a delightful little creature, which is undemanding, clean and easy to breed.” Mice were cheap, reproduced quickly (a 3-week gestation period and 10 weeks or less to maturity), and didn’t take up much room. And thanks to the fanciers, there were plenty of them available.
Most important, having bred generation after generation of mouse siblings together to achieve a wide variety of coat colors and other traits, fanciers had inadvertently created strains of mice that were genetically identical. Such pure strains were to prove invaluable in biomedical research.
In her book Making Mice: Standardizing Animals for American Biomedical Research, 1900–1955, the historian Karen Rader writes that the fact that researchers could collaborate with fanciers suggests that mice never quite shook their image as pilfering pests and so never attained the beloved and protected status of other pets: “The ethical yardstick by which antivivisectionists determined felines and canines to be the most threatened experimental animals was calibrated primarily on measures of an animal’s social worth. Cats and dogs occupied an unambiguously positive place in American culture.’”
About the time the fanciers were toying with the mouse’s genetics, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel was also studying mice, which he bred with the goal of deciphering the inherited traits of coat color. However, to Mendel’s conservative bishop, the thought of a monk spending his time with copulating mice seemed inappropriate. He banned the mice, and Mendel set his sights on a less prurient subject for investigation, peas.
The laws of inheritance that Mendel discovered through his pea research languished for more than 30 years. They were rediscovered in 1900, and scientists soon wondered if the same principles that applied to the genetics of peas might apply to animals too. By 1910, though the field of genetics as a distinct academic specialty was very new (the word was first used in this sense in 1905), biologists began to see the validation of Mendel’s laws in many kinds of plant and animal. One of the leading researchers of the field was Abbie Lathrop’s customer William Castle, who along with his student Clarence Cook Little published seminal papers on mouse-coat color genetics.
C. C. Little, Paul Revere’s great-great-grandson, may be the person most responsible for the mouse’s leap from the drawing room to the research laboratory. Known as the “mouse man” among his Harvard colleagues, Little further inbred Lathrop’s already inbred mice, resulting in creatures that were virtually clones of one another. His most famous strain, C57BL/6 (also known as Black 6), was developed in 1921, and in 2002 it became the first strain to have its genome sequenced.
Professor Favell compares the magnitude of his investigation of mouse immune systems to that of the Manhattan Project.
Pure strains allowed experiments that were consistent, repeatable, predictable, and easily analyzed. According to Rader, “Genetically standardized mice were the standard-bearers for a genetic approach to biomedicine; their production represented, to paraphrase Karl Marx on technology, the power of genetic knowledge objectified.” Yet Little’s contribution didn’t end with inbred mice. He left Harvard in 1922 to become the president of the University of Maine. In the summers he took groups of zoology students for field study around Mount Desert Island and spent time mingling with the residents of the island’s tony summer resort community, Bar Harbor. There he met the Detroit auto barons Edsel Ford (Henry’s son) and Roscoe Jackson, president of the Hudson Motor Car Company. Jackson, an engineer by training, took a liking to Little and supported his work.
Little’s Bar Harbor connections eventually led to his selection as president of the University of Michigan in 1925. Soon he left Michigan and his life as an academic administrator and, with funding from Ford and Jackson, set up a center for research on cancer and genetics using inbred mice. Founded in 1929, the Jackson Laboratory, in Bar Harbor, Maine, now sells around two million mice a year. It is the country’s largest resource for genetically defined and genetically modified mice, as well as a renowned research center for the study of cancer and other medical conditions.
C. C. Little’s work began at a time that is hard to imagine now. There was scant understanding of genetics. High-speed computers and scanning electron microscopes didn’t exist. Cancer research was on the fringe of science, and the concept of mice as stand-ins for humans in medical research had yet to take hold. Yet over the following decades, scientists at the Jackson Laboratory and around the world created and studied mice with cancer, mice with drinking problems, and mice that were fat. They studied the effects of radiation on mice and gained a greater understanding of cancer and countless other afflictions. By serving as a proxy, the mouse has helped solve one of the major dilemmas of biomedical research—that it’s unethical to test drugs or therapies on humans before they are shown to be safe and effective.
The mouse’s role in research has increased in conjunction with advances in biochemistry, understanding of DNA, and the power of computers to process mountains of complex data at lightning speed. By the 1960s scientists had developed bio-chemical markers that allowed them to look at protein variations in different strains of mice. In 1977 the first mouse gene was isolated and, with increasingly sophisticated techniques, scientists learned to isolate, examine, and modify DNA. In the early 1980s “transgenic” mice were created when scientists injected DNA into fertilized mouse eggs. This allowed researchers to observe what happens to an entire organism during the progression of a disease.
When the mouse genome was decoded in 2001, the rodent gained even greater value in the lab by providing scientists with a powerful research tool to extract meaning from the human genome sequence, decoded the year before. Today, to understand the role of any human gene, researchers can identify the counterpart gene in mice, engineer a strain of mouse that lacks the gene (known as knockout mice), and figure out from that mouse’s defects what the gene does. Scientists have already “engineered” thousands of mouse strains with the same genetic diseases seen in humans.
Mapping the human and mouse genomes led to new standards in biomedical research. Now, says Largaespada, “everyone is trying to understand disease processes at the molecular and genetic levels. To understand the human system, one needs to understand the function of human genes. The questions revolve around what genes, when present in specific forms, can cause disease or make a disease more likely. The proteins or RNA molecules encoded by these genes can then be considered as potential targets for new therapies.” Such research has yielded an explosion of information about what genes do in the body.
In September 2006, for example, scientists at the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle unveiled the Allen Brain Atlas, basically a map of the mouse brain that pinpoints the working of individual genes. It allows researchers studying human diseases such as Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, and brain cancer to learn about the genetics of the brain cells that are affected by the diseases. It will also provide greater understanding of how the human brain’s circuits and chemistry work in relation to conditions such as schizophrenia, autism, and various addictions.
A few months later the journal Cell revealed new information on human biological rhythms based on mouse models. The “Early-to-Bed Mouse,” in which a gene was altered to match a human mutation, demonstrates not only how altering a specific gene can change the circadian rhythms of mice but how the process works in humans. Using mouse models of human biological rhythms helps scientists understand not just how genes work to regulate sleep patterns but also how “biological clocks” regulate everything from body temperature to endocrine gland secretions.
And earlier this year researchers from MIT and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory reported that they had developed two strategies to reactivate the p53 gene in mice, causing blood, bone, and liver tumors to shrink. The p53 protein is called the “guardian of the genome,” because it triggers the suicide of cells with damaged DNA.
Despite all this, the mouse is still not a true substitute for a human. Treatments that work one way in mice can’t always predict the same outcome in people. Scientists constantly strive to create mice that more closely resemble human physiology. Nowhere is this a greater problem than in immunology research. Though we have many afflictions in common, mice have not evolved with a susceptibility to many of the diseases that affect humans—HIV, for example. To further complicate such research, the immune system involves many organs and systems throughout the body. Consequently, understanding the genetics of the immune system isn’t a matter of simply inserting a gene into a mouse and waiting to see what happens. We must instead learn how genes behave as part of a complex network.
To that end, Richard Flavell, Sterling Professor of immunobiology at Yale University and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, has undertaken perhaps one of the most ambitious investigations ever to rely on mice. Funded with a $17 million Grand Challenges in Global Health initiative grant supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the project illustrates the tremendous complexity of research using mice today. Flavell says: “The purpose of our Gates Foundation project is to develop a humanized mouse model—that is, a mouse that has a new human system… . Unfortunately, it is not trivial to simply transplant human cells into a mouse. The mouse immune system is very good at rejecting such transplants. As a result, investigators have developed a method to introduce human stem cells into immunodeficient mice. These stem cells grow up into immune cells that are functional. This model has been quite useful, but it has several deficiencies. In order to be able to develop the constellation of all the immune cell types, we are genetically modifying the mouse to provide the factors that human immune cells need in order to develop.”
Flavell compares the magnitude of this investigation to that of the Manhattan Project. He says, “This is technically a highly demanding enterprise, requiring people of numerous different types of expertise. If we are successful, which I believe we will be, it will be possible to realistically test whether human vaccines are likely to be effective in people, long before people will be immunized with them. It will be possible to model human autoimmune diseases, such as Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and so on. We will be able to study responses to human infections such as HIV. And we hope that it will be possible, using such models, to understand why these infections are so catastrophic.” In all this work, “the laboratory mouse is a critical component” because it is “an unparalleled model system for humans.”
Will the fate of mice and men always be so intertwined? Surely mice and humans will remain forever linked as what Burns called “earth-born companions” as long as we humans have food in our houses. But will we be forever tied in the research lab too? As in the days of the Victorians, the debate over the use of animals in research rages on. Even in the scientific community there are almost as many opinions on the topic as there are researchers. Colin Blakemore, a neuroscientist who heads the UK Medical Research Council in London, was recently quoted in the journal Nature: “I don’t know of a single scientist who would not prefer to use alternatives if they were available.”
Perhaps powerful technology will eventually limit our reliance on mice and other animals for research. David Jacobson-Kram, associate director for pharmacology and toxicology in the Office of New Drugs of the Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, says, “I absolutely think that we won’t need animals to test for safety and efficacy of drugs in the future. I’m not sure how long it will take. We can use automated techniques such as high-throughput screening [a process that screens thousands or even hundreds of thousands of genes, proteins, or chemicals for an ability to cause some specific effect in a biological system], in vitro assays and robotics to assess the activity of hundreds of compounds. That will save time, money, and a lot of animals.”
But until that day comes, mice, while they continue to eat in our kitchens and cozy up in our closets, will also be earning their keep.
Terri Peterson Smith is a science writer in Minneapolis.
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